威海市城乡居民主要健康行为及健康影响因素分析

目的：观察分析威海市城乡居民主要健康行为及健康影响因素，为有关部门制定相应卫生政策提供依据。方法：采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法，对调查对象进行问卷调查，对调查结果进行相关统计分析。结果：威海市城乡居民牛奶摄取量明显偏低，男性饮酒、吸烟率较高；群体对体育锻炼和体格检查重要性认识有待加强；男女人群超重现象比较严重。结论：威海市城乡居民饮食结构比较合理，基本卫生习惯保持较好；对慢性非传染性疾病诸多危险因素的防治应着力加强，相关部门在制定有关政策时应予以重点考虑。     

威海市48例疟疾病例流行病学及临床特征分析

威海市2004~2008年共报告疟疾病例48例,其中间日疟37例,恶性疟6例,未分型5例;男性31例,女性17例。37例间日疟中,每日发热26例,间日发热8例,不规律发热3例。6例恶性疟病例均为非洲回乡人员,每日发热5例,持续高热不退1例,症状较间日疟凶险。5例未分型病人每日发热4例,不规律发热1例。恶性疟用科泰复进行治疗,效果肯定。     

赴非洲返回劳务人员疟疾发病调查与控制措施

目的调查赴非洲返回劳务人员疟疾发病情况,探索阻止输入性疟疾在当地传播的有效方法。方法建立赴非洲务工返回人员登记管理制度,开展流行病学调查,对现症病人、带虫者、既往有疟史者给予不同服药方案的治疗,随访治疗效果与周围当地人群疟疾发病情况,资料用Excel进行统计分析。结果共调查120名赴非洲几内亚务工回国人员,外出期间疟疾患病率90.83%,回国后发病率24.17%。抗疟药物治愈率为：双氢青蒿素哌喹片93.75%,氯伯8d疗法76.46%,青蒿琥酯42.86%。伯氨喹休止期服药有效率90.70%。结论赴非洲劳务人员外出期间疟疾患病率高,回国后复发率高,需加强管理;规范服用抗疟药物治疗效果可靠,休止期服药效果肯定,综合性控制措施可以有效控制输入性病例在当地引起的传播。     

早产儿和足月儿乙型肝炎疫苗初次免疫和再次免疫抗体应答配对分析

早产儿作为一类特殊群体,其T、B细胞功能发育未成熟的问题比较突出[1].早产儿乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(HepB)免疫效果一直以来备受关注,虽然国内外已开展一些相关研究[2,3],但仍存在很大争议.本研究通过配对研究方法,对早产儿和足月儿HepB初次免疫和低、无应答者再次免疫后的抗体应答进行观察.     

2006～2010年威海市各级医疗机构消毒质量监测资料分析

[目的]了解威海市医疗机构日常消毒状况,加强医院消毒工作监督管理,找出存在的问题,为有效预防和控制医疗机构院内感染提供科学依据。[方法]对2006～2010年威海市31家医疗机构的室内空气、物体表面、医护人员的手,使用中的消毒液、压力蒸汽灭菌器和紫外线灯进行监测。[结果]2006～2010年合计检测样品3 544份,合格3 223份,平均合格率为90.94%。各年合格率分别为88.19%、88.75%、93.42%、91.41%、92.85%(P<0.01);使用中的消毒液、压力蒸汽灭菌器、室内空气、物体表面、医护人员的手、紫外线灯分别为100.00%、100.00%、66.03%、97.95%、78.22%、89.91%(P<0.01);二级以上医疗机构为93.40%、基层医疗机构为88.22%(P<0.01)。[结论]威海市医疗机构消毒质量有逐年上升趋势,室内空气及医护人员的手合格率偏低。     

2009年威海市居民死亡资料分析

[目的]了解威海市居民死亡水平、主要死因分布,为政府制定卫生政策提供科学依据。[方法]对2009年威海市居民死亡资料进行分析。[结果]2009年威海市居民死亡18 561人,死亡率为733.67/10万,男性为805.68/10万,女性为661.08/10万(P<0.01);0~14岁为46.62/10万,15~34岁为66.44/10万,35~64岁为409.34/10万,≥65岁为3 869.22/10万(P<0.01);环翠区为479.11/10万,荣成市为839.30/10万,乳山市为878.59/10万,文登市为825.78/10万(P<0.01)。全人群前5位死因依次为恶性肿瘤、心脏病、脑血管病、损伤与中毒、呼吸系统疾病,死亡数占死亡总数的88.69%。[结论]威海市居民死亡率较高,慢性非传染性疾病是主要死因。     

Using unique molecular identifiers to improve allele calling in low-template mixtures

PCR artifacts are an ever-present challenge in sequencing applications. These artifacts can seriously limit the analysis and interpretation of low-template samples and mixtures, especially with respect to a minor contributor. In medicine, molecular barcoding techniques have been employed to decrease the impact of PCR error and to allow the examination of low-abundance somatic variation. In principle, it should be possible to apply the same techniques to the forensic analysis of mixtures. To that end, several short tandem repeat loci were selected for targeted sequencing, and a bioinformatic pipeline for analyzing the sequence data was developed. The pipeline notes the relevant unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) attached to each read and, using machine learning, filters the noise products out of the set of potential alleles. To evaluate this pipeline, DNA from pairs of individuals were mixed at different ratios (1−1, 1−9) and sequenced with different starting amounts of DNA (10, 1 and 0.1 ng). Naïvely using the information in the molecular barcodes led to increased performance, with the machine learning resulting in an additional benefit. In concrete terms, using the UMI data results in less noise for a given amount of drop out. For instance, if thresholds are selected that filter out a quarter of the true alleles, using read counts accepts 2381 noise alleles and using raw UMI counts accepts 1726 noise alleles, while the machine learning approach only accepts 307.     

2006-2013年威海市恶性肿瘤死亡特征及趋势分析

摘要:目的　分析威海市居民恶性肿瘤主要死因、流行特征、趋势变化。方法　利用2006-2013年威海市居民恶性肿瘤死亡数据和同期人口资料进行统计分析。分别计算死亡率的变化百分比（PC）、死亡率的年度变化百分比（APC）和死亡率差别分解。结果　2006-2013年威海市男性恶性肿瘤死亡率变动于208.27/10万～270.45/10万间,调整死亡率变动于119.38/10万～140.74/10万间;女性恶性肿瘤死亡率变动于132.41/10万～164.09/10万间,调整死亡率变动于71.27/10万～94.64/10万间。居民死亡率居前6位的恶性肿瘤分别为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、结直肛癌、乳腺癌和胰腺癌。男、女性肝癌调整死亡率都呈下降趋势,该变化趋势差异有统计学意义。结论　恶性肿瘤是导致威海市居民死亡的主要原因。居民恶性肿瘤死亡率的上升受人口老龄化的影响显著,非人口因素对恶性肿瘤死亡的总体影响基本稳定。降低居民恶性肿瘤死亡率,应根据不同肿瘤的特点采取综合性干预措施,包括改变不良的生活习惯,加强环境保护和实施有效的医学防控行为。     

1起流动儿童引起的小学麻疹暴发调查

[目的]了解麻疹暴发的原因,探讨控制措施。[方法]对2010年3-4月威海市钦村小学1起麻疹暴发疫情进行调查。[结果]3月25日至4月18日该校共发生麻疹病例4例,患者均为流动儿童,流动儿童罹患率为0.55%（4/728）。[结论]未接种麻疹疫苗是本次麻疹暴发的原因,应提高流动儿童麻疹疫苗接种率。     

Vacuolating cytotoxin purified fromHelicobacter pyloricauses mitochondrial damage in human gastric cells

We investigated the effects of vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) prepared fromHelicobacter pylorion the metabolism of gastric epithelial cells, AZ-521. VacA caused the ATP levels to decrease in a time-dependent manner; by approximately 20% in 6 h, 35% in 12 h and 50% in 24 h, at a concentration of 120 nM. This decrease was also dependent on the concentration of VacA. To evaluate the impairment of mitochondria by VacA, mitochondrial membrane potential was estimated by flow cytometric analysis using 3, 3′-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide as a substrate. VacA decreased membrane potential with the relative fluorescence intensity of AZ-521 cells in 6 h from 52±3 to 24±1. Treatment of the cells with bafilomycin A1, a specific inhibitor of vacuolar ATPase proton pump, showed no apparent effect on these changes in the levels of ATP and the mitochondrial membrane potential. Secondly, we estimated the effect of VacA on oxygen consumption. VacA inhibited oxygen consumption in AZ-521 cells: the levels of PO₂in the medium of control cells decreased by 73% in 3 h and 37% in 6 h, whereas those in VacA-treated cells were 84% in 3 h and 59% in 6 h. Flow cytometric analysis showed the number of cells in the G₀/G₁phase was increased by VacA. Taken together, VacA induced an inactivation of energy metabolism followed by mitochondrial damage, leading to impairment of the cell cycle in gastric epithelial cells.